Essay on Concentric Zone Model

Crime Mapping

I.)                 Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Statistical Category	City of Milwaukee
	Number		Percent
Demographics
Total Population	594,833		13.79%
Area (square miles)	96.64		12.28%
Persons per square mile			6,155
Population by race
White	220,219		37.02%
Black	233,325		39.23%
American Indian and Alaskan Native	3,408		0.57%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	195		0.03%
Other race alone, not Hispanic	819		0.14%
Reporting two or more races, not Hispanic	13,307		2.24%
Reporting any race, Hispanic (total Hispanic population)	103,007		17.32%
Minority population (all Hispanic and non-white not Hispanic)	374,614		62.98%
Population by Age
Under 5 years	48,694		8.19%
5 to 17 years	112,653		18.94%
18 to 24 years	81,442		13.69%
25 to 44 years	170,634		28.69%
45 to 64 years	128,182		21.55%
65 years and over	53,228		8.95%
Population by Gender
Male	286,949		48.24%
Female	307,885		51.76%
Summary Information of Wisconsin Incident Based Report for specific group A offenses
Statistical Category	Number	Per 1000 Residents
Assualt Offenses	1,155		1.94
Arson	10		0.02
Burglary	125		0.21
Criminal Damage	167		0.28
Locked Vehicle	147		0.25
Robbery	87		0.15
Sex Offense	16		0.03
Theft	168		0.28
Vehicle Theft	1411		0.24
Homicide	2		0

The statistics provided for the city’s total population, population by race, population by gender and total families were derived from US Census Bureau 2012. Based on the statistics provided, the city of Milwaukee has a total population of 594,833. Majority of this population are Hispanics, composing of 62.98% of the total population. It is then followed by Blacks, Whites, Asians and other race with 39.23%, 37.02%, 3.46% and 0.17%, respectively (Milwaukee Police District 3, 2012, pp. 1-9). 

On the other hand, the statistics provided for the group A offenses were derived from the reports of the Milwaukee Police Department. A large portion of the figure is assault offenses consisting of about 292 cases. This is followed theft, criminal damage, locked vehicle, and vehicle theft (Milwaukee Police District 3, 2012, pp.1-9).

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II.)               Theoretical Perspective

According to the Milwaukee Police Department, the city of Milwaukee suffers from a yearly high rate of assault offenses. This includes incidents of beatings, stabbings as well as child abuse. Most of these cases involve male African Americans (Poston, 2012, p.1). The Contemporary Social Disorganization Theory asserts that there is a connection between Black male economic deprivation and violent crimes. This theory heavily draws on the concept that most African Americans in this city live in areas where there is a high concentration of poverty and once a neighborhood reaches this point, most of the working and middle class African Americans leave and transfer to a new area. This middle class, working group is considered as the social buffers or role models. The absence of these role models leaves the remaining individuals in social isolation thus, leaving them to develop their own norms which may include violence and crime (Sage, 2012, p. 130). The city of Milwaukee for instance, has a high population of African American which incidentally are involved in assault cases. The high degree of poverty in their area as well as the absence of a proper social buffer or role model may have caused this group to develop a norm of violence and crime.

Cited Works

Milwaukee Police District 3 (2012). Police district statistics report metadata.

Poston, B. (2012, May) Hundreds of assault cases misreported by Milwaukee Police

Department. Retrieved 23 December 2012, from

http://www.jsonline.com/watchdog/watchdogreports/hundreds-of-assault-cases-

misreported-by-milwaukee-police-department-v44ce4p-152862135.html

Sage Publishing (2012). Theoretical Perspectives on race and crime. Retrieved 23 December

2012, from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/40397_3.pdf

Wilson, W. (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged: the Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press

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Essay on The Stages of Man's Cultural Development

Essay on The Stages of Man's Cultural Development

            The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines culture, in this context, as “the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations.” So we can see here that it is a pattern of human beings practiced in certain situations or in everyday life.  Culture as a pattern must have an origin for it to develop in the way it is known today. To know how humans have developed in terms of culture, we must look into our history and the cultural stages the human race has undergone.

Paleolithic Stage

            The Paleolithic Stage, also known as the Old Stone Age, is divided into three parts: the Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic. This stage is characterized by man leading a nomadic life meaning people have no permanent homes and they move from place to place depending on the food resources available at a particular time.

            The Lower Paleolithic stage began its period approximately 300, 000 BC and ended at about 70, 000 BC. Men in this stage were nomadic and they used pebble tools, hence making this part known as the “Pebble” or “Chopper” Period. During this, pebbles or rocks were chipped on one end in order to create a cutting edge. In the latter part of this period hand axes, wherein both sides are chipped to a cutting edge or a point, were already used. This was also the period when man discovered and began to use fire.

            The Middle Paleolithic stage was a time when man was still nomadic. This stage roughly began on 70, 000 BC and ended at 35, 000 BC. The tools created in this period were more precise and they had a greater variety in terms of implements and improvements. Men during this time were related to the Neanderthal man, however some evidences showed the discovery of the Carmel man who was taller than the one mentioned before and seemed to possess speech. This period also showed the development of beliefs related to the afterlife and respect for the dead as shown in some burial sites found.

            The last part of this stage, the Upper Paleolithic Stage, began at 35, 000 BC and ended at about 12, 000 BC. Tools were well-made and other certain carvings came about. Jewelry and figurines were made out of ivory, bone, shell and other various materials. These carvings showed the beginning of a belief in a certain god or goddess signifying the start of a cult among men. Moreover, this period exhibited man’s capacity to built shelters which seemed to have teepee-like features.

Mesolithic Stage

            The next cultural stage is the Mesolithic stage or Middle Stone age which began at about 12, 000 BC and ended at 10, 000 BC. This stage is characterized by the discovery of the micro-flint, which is basically made up of small triangle- or crescent-shaped flints. People in this period have uniform forms of art, weapon industry, burial customs, and even artifacts showing the development of some sort of community within individuals. This also marked the beginning of agriculture since tools like adzes, sickles and others have been discovered. Rock drawings also began in this time depicting forms of man and animals. Apart from these, sea travel also became evident in this period when certain evidences of a boat or a raft have been discovered by archaeologists.

Neolithic Stage

            The Neolithic stage, also known as the New Stone Age, began at about 10, 000 BC and ended at about 4, 500 BC. Great improvements in agriculture and shelters are evident in this stage. People were no longer nomadic since they learned how to cultivate the earth for food resources and they also built circular houses made of bricks and earth. People began to live the village life. This was also the period when concrete evidences of worship were found; specifically figurines of certain creatures made out of clay. Early shrines were built signifying the beginning of a certain cult. In the latter part of this period, pottery-making began and these objects were used either in trading or in the burial rituals, wherein food is stored showing a belief in the afterlife.

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Bronze Age

            This stage began at approximately 2, 500 BC and ended at 800 BC. This was the time when communities began to develop into societies and tools made out of rock were replaced by those made out of metal. Rapid development and change characterized this period. Agriculture during this period was widespread as shown the in the cropmarks and soilmarks discovered by archaeologists. Funerals and burial were also widely practiced in this age. However, the determining characteristic of this period was the use of copper and tin were used in making tools and weapons. This was also the time when products were made from metals with various impurities; and also bronze was known as the hardest material available during this period. The Bronze age was the time when trade and technology dealing with the use of certain metals that created bronze, specifically copper and tin, were very rampant and helpful in the development of societies.

Iron Age

            The Iron Age was a period in the cultural development of man which vaguely began when iron was used in smelting. This roughly began in 3, 000 BC and is still apparent in the present time. This age coincides with the Bronze age because iron was also considered as a valuable metal at that time but people had a difficult time using it because of its high melting point. It wasn’t until about 1, 200 BC when humans regarded iron as a better metal resource especially when copper, tin and bronze were becoming scarce from the world. Iron was then used with steel to make weapons and tools that were more durable than bronze, hence these materials replaced copper and tin. Great advancements in transportation such as ships and railroads mark this period in our cultural development.

Works Cited

Cowen, Richard. “The Bronze Age.” April 1999. Geology 115. 22 December 2012 <http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/cowen/~GEL115/115CH4.html>.

"culture." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2011. Web. 22 December 2012.

Deegan, Allison and Glenn Foard. Mapping ancient landscapes in Northamptonshire. Swindon: English Heritage, 2007.

Harding, A.F. European societies in the bronze age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Larue, Gerald A. Old Testament life and literature. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1968.

“The Iron Age.” 8 August 2009. Metal Matters. 22 December 2012 <http://library.thinkquest.org/08aug/01930/pdfs/IronAge.pdf>.

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Essay on Performance History of Our Town by Thornton Wilder

Essay on Performance History of Our Town by Thornton Wilder

            A three-act play written in the 1930’s by playwright Thornton Wilder, Our Town continues to be one of the most popularly staged American plays. The play owes much of its popularity to its simplicity and yet seemingly accurate depiction of the everyday mundane life of ordinary people, not just in America but probably around the globe. 

            The play is set in the town of Grover’s Corners, New Hampshire (a fictional town) initially in the year 1901. However as the play progresses, the date switches back and forth to the “narrator’s” current timeline – 1930. Although the setting of the play is depicted to be in America, many would agree on the universality of the play’s context. Due to its minimalistic stage design and the absence of any specific landmarks that would definitely pinpoint a certain location, the themes of the play may be easily applied to everyone’s situation anywhere across the globe. 

            Because the play was written during a time when “political troubles” (specifically World War II) were threatening the balance of everyday life, its theme called for people to appreciate the “normality” and the little details of everyday life. These seemingly unimportant details may later on become the most important aspect of human life because they are the most fragile part of living, as they may be shattered and lost any moment. 

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The play became especially more socially relevant at the time it was staged in 1938 due to international tension escalating rapidly and people everywhere feared the uncertainty that it brought.

Aside from reminding the audience about the importance of appreciating the simple pleasures in life, the play also reminds the audience that no community can ever be detached from the bigger picture – the outside world. As depicted in the play, the residents of the small quiet town are very much aware of the world around them. Trains come and go from neighbouring towns and at one part, a particular brand of car (from a famous car manufacturer) started to replace the horses people used for transportation, thus depicting that the outside world still very much influences the small town. On a micro-level perspective, people are reminded that they cannot really isolate themselves from other human beings. The lives of the characters within the small community are very much intertwined with one another and the play has emphasized how one person’s action, no matter how small, affects the lives of others around them.  

Performance History

            Our Town was first staged at the McCarter theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in January 1938. Although well-received by the public, it was reviewed as “disappointing” by critics. It was then opened the following month in New York where the reception was much warmer. 

            The play has had several Broadway revivals since then. Among the most noted revivals of the play was the one staged in 1969 wherein Harry Fonda starred as Stage Manager. It was also in this year that noted theatre critic Walter Kerr commented on the “universality” of the play. 

In 1976, an untraditional version of the play was staged at the Williamstown Theatre Festival where Geraldine Fitzgerald became the first woman to play the character of the Stage Manager. In 1989, the play was again staged this time with Spalding Gray as the Stage Manager.

            In 1940 Sam Wood directed a film version of the play, with Frank Craven performing the role of the Stage Manager. In 1955 a musical version for television was produced, this time with Frank Sinatra as the Stage Manager. In 1977, in a production at the Lincoln Center (later broadcast on public television), Hal Holbrook took on the role of the Stage Manager. 

Cited Works

Cummings, M. "Our Town: Thornton Wilder." Free Study Guides for Shakespeare and Other Authors. N.p., 2003. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. <http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/OurTown.html#Our Town>.

"Masterpiece Theatre | American Collection | Our Town | Teacher's Guide." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/americancollection/ourtown/tg_history.html>.

Wilder, Thornton. Our Town: A Play in Three Acts. New York, N.Y: Coward-McCann in cooperation with S. French, 2003. Print.

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