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Saturday, October 20, 2012

How to Write a Dissertation Paper



Nailing Your Dissertation
            Every graduate student is expected to complete a dissertation related to the degree he is pursuing. As one of the final requirements in a graduate degree program, one’s dissertation must showcase the author’s knowledge in the degree. After all, one does not just take a graduate degree for nothing. Herein lies the question on how to produce a well researched and relevant dissertation.
            While there is no canonical blueprint of making a dissertation, at the minimum, it is indispensable for an author to pick a topic that he is innately interested him or has struck him while research other potential topics. Whichever is the rationale for choosing a topic, the first step in making a dissertation is exploring the literature (Levin, 2005). For instance, the author may be interested in organizational behavior, but this subject area is too broad for a dissertation. Scouring academic publications in journal banks like EBSCO and Oxford Journals can present the author an array of topics that are categorized under organizational behavior. In the case of our example, the author may choose organizational behavior topics like organizational culture and its effects on organizational performance. Ultimately, this step can provide various subtopics of a field that one may choose to focus on.
            After browsing through existing literature, it is time for the author to draft a strong introduction that succinctly provides the research questions and the rationale on why the chosen topic is relevant and timely. Following our example on organizational culture and organizational performance, a strong introduction can contain the current status of the topic, i.e. there is a multitude of efforts put forward by organizations to sustain a strong organizational culture. As such, the strength of an introduction relies on clearly stating the status of the topic and how it relates to the research questions at hand.
            With the desire of providing a strong background to the study, a succinct yet comprehensive review of literature is important. In the case of our example, the review of literature can include studies conducted on (1) organizational culture, (2) organizational performance, and (3) empirical studies that link the two variables. After presenting studies on relevant variables, this section must end by highlighting the research gap on present studies that one’s study can help address. For example, a research gap can be the failure to use a case of a country in understanding organizational culture and organizational performance.
            The third section of a dissertation should be devoted to the methodology of the study.  In essence, a methodology will answer how the research questions will be answered. Are there hypotheses that need to be tested? Will the author conduct survey and use its result in providing a statistical analysis? Will the author use in-depth interview? What are the methods of data collection and analysis? These are the relevant questions that must be answered in a dissertation’s methodology section.
            Amalgamating the data collected in a dissertation, the fourth section is about presenting a summary of data collected. For instance, the author can present the demographic profile of his survey respondents and the mean scores obtained in each survey questions. The knack in creating a findings section is to briefly present data collected without relating it to the research questions and hypotheses.
Consequently, a discussion section should come after the discussion section. The main difference of the results section with the discussions section is that the latter contains the analysis of the data vis-à-vis the research questions and hypotheses. In our example, a discussion section, an author can affirm or reject the notion that organizational culture and organizational performance have a relationship.
Finally, a dissertation must end with a conclusion that summarizes the study. Specifically, answers to the research questions and the need to conduct further studies may be stressed in this section. What is important, therefore, is to check whether all research questions have been answered in the discussion section.

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Monday, September 10, 2012

Essay on Medical and Diagnostic Examination Research Paper



Essay on Medical and Diagnostic Examinations: Prevention is Better than Cure

The classic adage that “an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure” may be cliché but it still remains very much true today as it was centuries ago. In healthcare, preventive measures include medical exams or diagnostic tests and are under the field of laboratory medicine. In the past the focus has been on curing, restoration and rehabilitation but governments later found that investing in promotion and prevention saves a lot of resources and improves the over-all health status of a population.

Laboratory medicine is very valuable in clinical care. It is an essential component of high quality care providing healthcare professionals with necessary data that may be used for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of diseases (Value of Laboratory Screening). In the aspect of prevention, there are a variety of exams ranging from routine medical exams to more specific diagnostic tests. Routine exams are those that employers or schools may require their workers or students respectively, such as blood tests, urine and stool examinations from time to time. Diagnostic tests are those which physicians order typically after a patient comes in with complaints of certain symptoms and they can’t completely arrive at a definite diagnosis based on the patient’s medical history and present symptoms alone (Medical Health Tests). 


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At times, diagnostic tests are ordered for confirmation purposes already. Then there are also tests made for screening certain diseases among those who are found to be at risk or pre-disposed to certain medical conditions. Medical and diagnostic examinations help in the preventive effort by detecting potential problems ahead of time. Early detection facilitates early and less expensive interventions. Treatment at an early stage is also more effective than when started at a later stage of a medical condition. Routine exams may reveal health concerns previously unknown to the client and thus proper health teaching may be given to address those concerns early. Diagnostic exams may guide physicians in arriving with appropriate interventions to prevent worsening of the condition. The earlier the condition is diagnosed, the more options of care available to choose from with less invasive or less expensive procedures still applicable. Screening tests may help arrest the possible development of a condition. For instance, through screening, a client may find out that he’s at high risk of developing Diabetes Type II. Knowing such risk, he may choose to start modifying his life style to one that will prevent him from going down the diabetic path.    

When the opportunity comes for a routine test or a screening, people should remember that it’s for their own good. Some may hesitate because of the hassle and costs involved but they fail to consider that investing in prevention is much more convenient and economical than waiting to get sick and be hospitalized. Although cure may be available in certain medical conditions, the price you pay is much higher and the damage done may be greater and possibly irreversible. Prevention remains better than cure.  



Works Cited
“Medical Health Tests - Types, Procedures and Importance of Medical Tests.” 2011. Medical Health 
            Tests.com. 2 September 2012 <http://www.medicalhealthtests.com/>
“The Value of Laboratory Screening and Diagnostic Test for Prevention and Health Care Improvement.” September 2009. The Lewin Group Inc. 2 September 2012 < https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:So-o0drmTdoJ:www.labresultsforlife.org/briefing/Lewin_ACLA_Value_of_Lab_Sx_Dx_Report.pdf+importance+of+medical+laboratory+tests&hl=en&gl=ph&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgumtVYjATjnaMdSW73Tm9            BdrXRyI-HgEwFaGWln7V9phsp-ZGLH17M48Ii1UDte4Yxav6wzgO-6hZX5BPa_UvJ2tmqCr81Cbr4eOZ7vM0nv0oq3jHQQS8M9_9_nxhkzs7ZZYRv&sig=AHIEtbSXU7vleclUTfXsv          nw9yQtsfEPNKA>.
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Corporal Punishment Research Paper


Essay on The Psychological Effect of Corporal Punishment in Children


In our society, the word punishment usually has a negative connotation. When people hear such word, they generally associate it with discipline and may recall childhood memories of getting punished at home or in school. A more technical approach on punishment is that it is said to occur when an event following an action weakens the tendency to make that same action such as when a pigeon pecks a dish, it receives a brief shock which leads to the rapid decrease in the tendency of the pigeon to peck the dish again (Weiten 205). Furthermore, Weiten wrote that punishment encompasses far more than disciplinary acts but it is used more frequently for disciplinary purposes which brings forth interesting discussions.

In disciplining children, punishment may come in different forms. Some parents or teachers would resort to verbal reprimand, social isolation or withdrawal of privileges while some still use physical punishment or corporal punishment. Mash noted that in the past 50 years or so, child-rearing practices have been changing dramatically with parents being expected to focus on the child’s developmental strengths and limitations and move away from disciplinary control methods (458). In the past, corporal punishment is common and well accepted but toward the end of the twentieth century, movements have developed towards the abandonment of corporal punishment (Myers 207). Opponents of corporal punishment back up their cause with a growing number of research studies that indicate corporal punishment to have deleterious consequences among children. Such consequences, according to Flynn may be psychological or behavioral which may include alcohol abuse, depression, suicidal thoughts, behavioral problems, low achievement and future economic insecurity (qtd. in Myers 208). Favela highlighted studies that suggested that children who were spanked suffer emotionally, are more likely to have lower IQs and are more aggressive.  A meta-analysis from Gershoff on the positive and negative long-range effects of parental corporal punishment displays a more comprehensive view of the consequences of this form of discipline with the following findings: 
          Negative or undesirable outcomes showed decreases in the subsequent areas during           childhood: moral internalization, quality of relationship between the parent and   
          child mental health. Associated decrease in mental health was also found later in           adulthood. In addition, there were increases in the aspects of child aggression, child           delinquent and antisocial behavior. In adulthood, increases in the risk of being a      
          victim of physical abuse, risk of abusing own child and spouse, adult aggression,     
          adult criminal and antisocial behavior were observed among adults who experienced           corporal punishment during their childhood. There was only one desirable behavior           linked to corporal punishment which is increased immediate compliance in the part   
          of the child. (qtd in Mash 458)       


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More recent studies echo the results of Gershoff but her conclusions are not without critics. Arguments raised include that evidence linking spanking to negative effects is correlational which is not an assurance of causation. It means that corporal punishment cannot be directly pointed out as the cause for the negative effects enumerated earlier. In such light, Damon points out that there is still a great deal to learn about the long-term effects of corporal punishment and the factors that serve to moderate its effects (402). Moreover he expressed that although such form of discipline is usually associated with negative outcomes for the child, the associated pathway and the qualifying variables for such relationship are still unclear.

With more research findings that discredit the effectiveness of corporal punishment among children, societal views have now shifted to the discouragement of its use. However, despite the negative effects associated with physically punishing children, some parents still find it as an effective means of disciplining their children. The practice of corporal punishment cannot be easily uprooted from society because, as stated by Mash, cultural norms in many countries have long accepted corporal punishment as a primary, even necessary component of discipline (458). It will take more research to change the mind set about corporal punishment among parents, teachers and authority figures who grew up experiencing corporal punishment themselves and found it to be more effective than detrimental to their individual development.        

Works Cited
Damon, William and Nancy Eisenberg. Handbook of Child Psychology Volume 3: Social,    
           Emotional, and Personality Development, 6th edition. New York, NY: Wiley, 2006.
Favela, Regina. “Emotional and Physical Development of Children Who Get Paddled.” 10           June 2010. Live Strong.com. 6 September 2012  
          <http://www.livestrong.com/               article/144862-emotional-physical-
          development-of-       children-who-get-paddled/>.
Mash, Eric J. and David A. Wolfe. Abnormal Child Psychology, 4th edition. Belmont, CA:  
          Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010.  
Myers, John E B. Myers on Evidence in Child, Domestic and Elder Abuse cases, Successor        edition. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2005.
Weiten, Wayne. Psychology: Themes and Variations, 8th edition. Australia; Belmont, CA:          Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.

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Research Paper on Defense Mechanism Among Psychiatric Patients

Research Paper on Defense Mechanism Among Psychiatric Patients


Growing up, parents always keep reminding their children to take care of their well being by practicing healthy habits and avoiding detrimental ones with the focus usually on physical health. But health goes beyond the physical aspect of the person, to be well also means having a good mental health. When an individual has mental health concerns, the field of psychiatry comes into the picture. Geddes defines psychiatry as the branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of brain disorders which primarily cause disturbance of          thought, behavior and emotion (3). Clients who have such problems are called psychiatric patients.

In dealing with psychiatric patients health care providers who directly interact with patients will find that knowledge about defense mechanisms can come in handy. According to Levenson, a basic understanding of defense mechanisms can provide the psychiatrist with another perspective in the process of examining a patient, it will aid in predicting or explaining the patient’s emotional or behavioral response to medical illness (56). Among nurses, familiarization of defense mechanisms helps in the provision of care as they establish therapeutic relationships with patients. Defense mechanisms which may be also known as coping styles are the automatic psychological processes protecting the individual against anxiety and from the awareness of internal and external dangers or stressors (Boyd 144). Since defense mechanisms are automatic responses, individuals are often unaware that they are using certain defense mechanisms already. Defense mechanisms may be adaptive or maladaptive and psychiatric patients use such processes excessively to a point that it becomes invariably maladaptive and becomes a problem. There are a number of defense mechanisms that a patient may use and one, two or more at a time which may differ depending on the situation and level of stress that they encounter. Some examples of common defense mechanisms include denial, suppression, repression, displacement, rationalization and reaction formation among others. Vaillant grouped defense mechanisms according to the degree to which each defense distorts reality and how effectively it enables the expression of wishes or needs without untoward external consequences in his hierarchy of defense mechanisms (qtd. in Levenson 56). 


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In the proposed hierarchy by Vaillant, there are four levels of adaptivity namely psychotic, immature, neurotic and mature. Psychotic defenses are characterized by their extreme degree of distorting reality wherein patients may need to take in psychotic medications to alter such defenses. Psychotic defenses include psychotic denial, delusional projection and schizoid fantasy. Immature defenses may be irritating and are often observed in patients with personality disorders. The immature defenses include the following: splitting, idealization, devaluation, projection, projective identification, acting-out, passive aggression and intermediate denial. Neurotic defenses are privately experienced or less interpersonal which often involve mental inhibitions. The list of neurotic defenses includes repression, control, displacement, reaction formation, intellectualization, rationalization, isolation of affect, and undoing. Mature defenses when observed in patients are appreciated by health care providers; it enables the individual to express himself/herself without negative consequences. Mature defenses include suppression, altruism, humor, sublimation, and anticipation. Each kind of defense has its own unique qualities that distinguish them from each other. For the psychiatrists or nurses to detect what defense mechanisms the patients are using they need to interact with their patients and observe keenly so that they may employ the appropriate interventions needed.             

Although the use of defense mechanisms is highlighted in psychiatry, it does not mean that only psychiatric patients use them. Even mentally healthy people use defense mechanisms from time to time when anxious or under stress.  But the difference lies in the severity and the context where defense mechanisms are used. Knowing what defense mechanisms certain psychiatric patients employ with the context in mind, helps health care providers in psychiatric institutions or in communities manage their patients appropriately and promote their well being.         


Boyd, Mary Ann. Psychiatric Nursing: Contemporary Practice, 4th edition. Philadelphia,Pa.:         Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
Geddes, John, et al. Psychiatry, 4th edition. Oxford;New York: Oxford University Press, 
         2012.
Levenson, James L. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychosomatic      
          medicine: Psychiatric Care of the Medically Ill, 2nd edition. Washington, D.C:     
          American Psychiatric Pub., 2011.
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Thursday, July 12, 2012

Critical Analysis Essay on Killings


Critical Analysis Essay on Killings by Andre Dubus


“Killings” is a short tale written by Andre Dubus in 1979 and was first published in The Sewanee Review.  The story was later adapted by film director Todd Field in the 2001 movie entitled In the Bedroom, a highly acclaimed movie by the Academy Awards.  The story revolved on love, murder, revenge and morality.

The story sets in a small town somewhere in Massachusetts one August morning with the burial of a 21 year old Economic graduate Frank Fowler, Ruth and Matt’s youngest son. Along to grief with the couple were their two other children – Steve, oldest and Cathleen, the second among the brood. 

Richard Strout, a 26 year old former football scholar dropout who has worked as a bartender, shot Frank one Saturday night in September right in front of his two sons.

Strout was known to many as the spoiled and hot-tempered guy.  It was this very same attitude that caused his wife of 6 years, Mary Ann, to file for divorce.


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Mary Ann was the girlfriend Frank had before his death.  The two met in Salisbury beach where the latter worked as a lifeguard. Their romance blossomed while she was in the process of the divorce.  Frank’s mother, Ruth, disagreed to the relationship. She never wanted Mary Ann for her son for a number of reasons: first, she had a history of playing around, second, the divorce was not finalized yet, third, she had kids and lastly, she was older than him.  Matt, on the other hand, being a protective father that he was tried to understand his son and weighs the balance between his wife and son.  He accepted Mary Ann and welcomed her into the family.  Unfortunately, this was not the same case with Strout.  Whether be it for his pride or love for Mary Ann that forced him to commit murder, it was very clear that he never approved of the divorce.

The tragedy has not left the Fowlers since then.  Conflicts arose when Strout was granted a bail for which his presence made coping tougher for both Matt and Ruth.  Strout was seen all over town living a normal life after the crime.  Seeing him not only sharpened the pains of losing their son but it strengthened the eagerness of revenge.

Matt and Ruth’s suffering grew with each passing day.  To end such suffering, Matt premeditated on killing Strout with the help of his friend, Willis Trottier.  Willis, a short silver-haired man, was a restaurant and bar owner who shared Matt’s sentiments.  Being a good friend that he is, he felt for Matt.  Together they consummated a crime.

Dubus was able to present the story in a very vivid manner.  He was able to showcase conflict of emotions in an orderly way.

The crime committed by Matt to overcome his ill feelings maybe justifiable.  There is no greater pain than losing a child to someone with no worth.  It is more unacceptable seeing the antagonist out in the open and free while justice was not fully served yet.  But then again, we cannot correct a mistake by another mistake.  It’s not always right to take the law into your own hands.  Avenging may make things worse in the future.  In this case, once authorities discovered Strout’s murder, they will only point at one suspect, the one with the strongest motive. That will make the struggle for the Fowlers more gruesome. 

Like the saying goes, ‘to err is human, to forgive divine. Sometimes we have to go over the limits of human nature to put things in its proper perspective.  It might take time, but justice will be served.


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Related Topics:
1. Summary and Analysis Essay of Killing by Andre Dubus
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Critical Analysis Essay on Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas

Critical Analysis Essay on Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson


“Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas” was originally from a 250 word photo-caption job which grew to a novel-length feature story by Hunter S. Thompson.  The two-part story was published in Rolling Stone magazine on November 11, 1971.  Thompson approached his work in a ghastly manner, often creating a negative criticism from its readers.  It was written in a mayhem.

The story moved along with Raoul Duke, a journalist, and his attorney Dr. Gonzo as they explore the great American Dream in a discriminating and hypocritical society.  It was based on the author’s own account of his self-discovery in a drug-crazed state along with his Mexican lawyer friend Atty. Oscar Zeta Acosta.

Raoul, like any other journalists, dreamt of getting the most controversial story there is.  When given the opportunity to cover the Mint 400 motorcycle race, he never hesitated and went on the trip.  Unfortunately, Duke and Gonzo engaged themselves in an adventure of a lifetime  They had all sorts of uppers and downers all packed with them during the entire trip to keep them awake.  Somehow, things went berserk.  Both find themselves abandoning work and engaging in disparaging experiences.  

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For men of their stature, it is not surprising that despite the volume of addictive drugs and liquors in their possession, there were never a doubt to any man in uniform that they were clean. 

In Vegas, sins lurk the city.  The only thing to be feared of is getting caught.  It is disgusting, however, that it showcased the ugly truth of the American Dream.  It highlighted that crimes were for those with fame, power and fortune.

Thompson’s novel was adapted in a film of the same title in 1998.  It starred Johnny Depp and  Benicio del Toro. A more recent film, however, was released in 2009.  The movie entitled the Hangover was directed by Todd Phillips. It identically featured grisly incidents that were illustrated in book story though it was given a bit of a twist with its characters.

The author might not be refined in using words to depict his messages but as it captures more and more readers, liberalism have become more acceptable.  It clearly showed that not only those gifted with literary arts have the capacity to attract and influence.  Loose and open words are sometimes enough to get your message across.


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Research Paper on the Economic Impact of Immigration

Research Paper on the Economic Impact of Immigration


The United States has served as a rallying point for people from most developing countries worldwide. In the 2010 census of Department of Homeland Security, there had been 1,042,625 immigrants obtaining legal residency, most were from Asia. This number of immigrants only accounted for those who were legally documented.

According to Hatton and Thompson (1998), as cited by the Economic History Association (2010), there are eight factors which affect immigration. Among the eight, the most prominent would be the gap or difference in real wages existing between the country of origin and the US. The Economic History Association (2010) added that the larger the difference in real wage between US and the country origin means a higher chance of immigration will be since they will earn higher with the movement. 


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It is also noted in Economic History Association (2010) that immigration has benefits to the US Economy in general. Based on past and recent studies, US have attracted many immigrants with inventive or scientific nature. Aside from this, immigration will also decrease the price of certain commodities. It is because immigration will cause market expansion of certain commodities and by doing so, the firm will have a decrease on its average cost. Furthermore, immigration will also help in raising the standard of living in the United States because most of the immigrants go to the United States at a working age. Moreover, it is also pointed that, though immigrants may also add government expenditures in certain services, immigrants increase government income through the additional tax they pay, and illegal immigrants are not an exemption because, as they may not pay income taxes, they pay taxes directly through the goods and services they avail. 

Clearly, immigration has its negative implications but its positive effects are more pronounced especially in the case of the United States as it is branded sometimes as the country of immigrants. The President and the government in general must weigh its effects into their own people and the economy in general. By doing so, it will not only benefit the internal health of the United States or any other country in particular, but it will also induce good relationship towards the country from where these immigrants rooted from.

BUY RESEARCH PAPER ON THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION NOW

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