Essay on the National Status of Pandemic Flu

INSTRUCTIONS:  I need this essay to evaluate the national status of the pandemic flu.
I need the following included:
-the nature,scope, history, risks and challenges of the crisis

-strategies for the planning, management and communication of an
effective crisis response

-discussion of environmental health policies addressing the crisis
including recommendations for policy changes and development

P.S. only use scientific or scholarly journals in your research

ESSAY ON THE NATIONAL STATUS OF THE PANDEMIC FLU

We are not foreign to the fear and threat that pandemic flu brings to our lives and homes. There have been several cases we witnessed that had raised national and international concerns regarding risk management and pandemic preparedness/awareness drives to further mitigate the contiguous nature of the disease because aside from its being a health hazard, negative consequences of a pandemic also extend to economic wellness. Throughout the course of history, it is worth noting that as we advance in time, the number of pandemic flu-related deaths is seen to decrease. This I trust is a possible indication of improved preparation and risk mitigating ability of US and even the world against pandemic flu.

There are certain criteria the WHO uses as a guideline in declaring a pandemic flu scenario and these are (flu.gov, 2013):

1.                          The virus is new for humans and limited or no immunity is present in the human  population

2.                          The new virus has already infected humans

3.                          The virus is highly transmissible from human to human

WHO also uses standardized alert levels that correspond with the risk assessment of the global situation regarding the influenza virus possessing a pandemic potential. History has witnessed a number of pandemic flu cases but it is worth noting that it was during the latest A(H1N1) in 2009 that the World Health Organization was able to first utilize its pandemic preparedness guideline or the Pandemic Influenza Risk Management  which was first published in 1999 (WHO,  2013, p. 3). By nature influenza viruses are continuously evolving making influenza pandemics hard to predict even if it’s recurring. Accordingly, new strains emerge from time to time causing new influenza virus subtype with characteristics different from all previous viruses that cause diseases in human population contiguous enough to spread quickly and threaten the globe (flu.gov, 2013). Each emerging flu virus brings experts to learn better knowledge with how to contain if not eliminate the virus through vaccine and other measures.

Central to the WHO is its Risk management plan that is prescribed to be adapted by its member countries. In US, the Federal Government also follows a national protocol mandated by the White House focusing on a strategy to address the threat of influenza. Such response is segmented in three priorities: (1) stop, slow or limit the spread of a pandemic to the United States; (2) limit the domestic spread of a pandemic an mitigate disease, suffering and death; (3) sustain infrastructure and mitigate impact of the economy and the functioning society (HomelandSecurity Council, 2006, p.1). US maintain a rigorous surveillance measure updated weekly to evaluate the flu activity in all its states. It suffices to know that the government is very serious in its attempt to manage possible flu outbreaks in all its states enabling it to act on the matter fast. The WHO on the other hand notes that Member States had prepared for a pandemic of high severity but appeared unable to adapt to their national and subnational responses adequately to a more moderate event (WHO, 2013, p. 1). Lower levels of the government must be trained and educated regarding flu outbreak management. This I think is one important aspect the government should prioritize.   

References

World Health Organization, (2013) Pandemic Influenza Risk Management: WHO Interim Guidance. http://www.who.int/influenza/preparedness/pandemic/GIP_PandemicInfluenzaRiskManagementInterimGuidance_Jun2013.pdf

Homeland Security Council, (2006),National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza: Implementation Plan http://www.flu.gov/planning-preparedness/federal/pandemic-influenza-implementation.pdf

Center for Disease Control, May  2013,Weekly US Map: Influenza Summary Update, http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/usmap.htm

Flu.GOV, June 21, 2013, Pandemic Flu History, http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/usmap.htm

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Essay on Crime Causation

Essay on Crime Causation

INSTRUCTIONS:  Who is to blame, the individual or society?

James T. Johnson is a 24-year-old construction worker who lives at
home with his mother. During the week, he goes to work on time, does
his work, and comes home. Occasionally, he will go out with a group of
coworkers on a Friday evening. He has one other secret. He burglarizes
homes and garages in the neighboring communities, selling what he
steals via the internet or at pawn shops two counties over.

This past weekend, he was arrested during a burglary when he entered a
home where the home owner was present. His mother had to mortgage her
home to bail him out of jail. While driving him home, she started to
berate him, stating that he has ended up "just like his father, a
criminal" and that she will probably end up dying early due to the
stress of having a criminal son.

James was angry and blurted out that it was her fault, that this was
the only life he knew because his father never taught him anything
worthwhile. He said that his mother and father fought all the time,
and the main subject of the their fights was his constant drinking.

Assignment Guidelines

•Using the scenario above, address the following in 1,000–1,250 words:

& #9702;Do you think James learned his behavior from his father?
Explain your reasoning.
& #9702;Could there have been other contributing factors that would
have an effect on the problem? Explain.
& #9702;Do you think that if James were removed from his home as a
juvenile, he would have become a burglar?
& #9702;Are the statements from James about responsibility only used to
shift blame? Why or why not?
& #9702;Research reaction formation, and apply this theory to James's
situation.
& #9632;How is this related to strain theory? Explain.
& #9632;How is this related to subculture perspective? Explain.
•Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.

Criminology

Numerous scholars agree that parents with criminal behavior highly impact their children which could then result to juvenile delinquency. In fact, a large body of studies show that convicted mothers or fathers often have children who are law offenders as well. In this case, it is worthy to note that James’ mother blurted out the statement that he will “end up just like his father, a criminal”. Such line therefore suggests that James’ father may have been convicted of a crime before. Consequently, it is also probably that James’ behavior may have been influenced by his father’s. Similarly, it is also likely that as a child, James may have acquired or learned such behavior from his father but was only developed during his adult years (Farrington, 2010, p. 210).

Apart from the father’s criminal history, there are a number of factors that may have contributed to James’ behavior. Child experts maintain that parental style and upbringing as well as the child’s environment are two of the most influential factors that affect a juvenile’s behavior. According to recent research, children who were brought up in homes characterized by lack of love and affection, whose parents lack proper parental skills, and whose lives are filled with violence or abuse will more likely develop to become delinquents. Alternatively, children who grew up with a supportive and loving family will more likely develop a positive attitude of trust and responsibility. In addition to this parallel studies suggest that individuals convicted of a serious offense are often a product of predictors such as low parental affection and warmth, constant parental discord, and improper parental discipline and supervision among many others. The findings of these researches therefore suggest that the presence or absence parental monitoring is an essential element commonly related to delinquency. 

In this case study, James was apparently a product of a chaotic household as his parents are constantly arguing and bickering. As such, it is likely that James compulsive behavior to steal roots from his unhappy childhood filled with by parental discord and conflict.

Another contributing factor that caused James’ theft behavior is his family’s economic condition. Studies show that family with low socio-economic status is a predictor of an individual’s criminal behavior (Farrington, 2010, p. 211). It can be therefore suggested that James participation in criminal activities such as theft or burglary is a result of growing up in a deprived and impoverished environment.

This case study can be analyzed by using the Strain Theory, which posits that social structures or culture within a society are the main reasons why an individual chooses to commit a crime. Merton suggests that the deviance within society is in fact, a product of the culture and society’s shared values and beliefs.  In addition to this, the subculture perspective asserts that certain groups or subculture within a community display attitudes and values that fosters negative behaviors such as crimes and violence. In this situation, it can be noted that James’ family and low socio-economic status is represented by his family and his environment. As James grew up in a surrounding filled with parental conflict, it is highly probable that the subject grew up in a social structure with crime, tension, and conflict as the dominant values. These strains therefore exposed James to negative emotions such as anger or frustration which then caused the subject engage in unlawful activities (Merton, 2013, p.125).

References

Farrington, D. (2010). Family Influences on Delinquency. NY: Jones and Barlett Publishers

Merton, R. (2013). Social Theory and Social Structure. NY: Free Press

Smith, C. & Stern, S. (1997) Delinquency and antisocial behavior. Social Science Review, 71,

382-420.

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Essay on Chicago's Emergency Preparedness

discusses the emergency preparedness plans of Chicago,IL. Please include:
-name of agency responsible; -availability of the preplan; -appropriateness of preplan
-information available from the agency that helps families and people
prepare for disasters; -integration with other response agencies; -how do you feel after reviewing this information(more or less safe)?

Chicago’s Emergency Preparedness

            Emergency preparedness is one issue that has come into the consciousness of America as of late. The concept of emergency connotes both man-made and natural disasters. Cities should be especially vigilant because of the massive number of lives and infrastructure that are at stake. Chicago is a metropolis that is considered the third biggest in the United States. It has a population of over 2.7 million residents and wide array of infrastructure that is vital to the economy of America. As such it has an emergency preparedness system that is quite effective and accessible to its residents and responders alike.

            The agency responsible for the emergency preparedness needs of Chicago is the Office of Emergency Management and Communications (OEMC). As the name implies, this agency is responsible for disseminating information and creating plans that people can use in case of emergencies, natural or otherwise (City of Chicago, 2013). It is in charge of coordinating the efforts of the police, fire, and emergency medical services. It is responsible for risk assessment and mitigation; preparedness; response; and recovery (City of Chicago, 2013).

The agency has a website called AlertChicago that has preparedness plans and alerts that updated regularly for the residents of the city. The agency identified three main aspects of preparedness in times of emergency. These are readiness for an emergency; responding to an emergency; and recovering from emergency. AlertChicago has a wide array of preparedness plans available for download in PDF form (AlertChicago, 2013). They have cover topics such as preparing for floods, fire, tornado, and winter among others.

These preparedness plans that were available were quite appropriate for the topic. In fact, upon downloading and perusing the brochures, it was found that they were quite simple and easy to understand. The brochures were also available in different languages such as English, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Mandarin (AlertChicago, 2013). The plans were quite concise on what to do and who to call in times of emergency. AlertChicago also has information available that contains real time information pertaining to information in and around Chicago such as traffic, street maintenance, safety, and others. The website also has links to other emergency preparedness agencies’ websites such as FEMA, Homeland Security, and IEMA.

The OEMC has made it possible for its services to be integrated with the law enforcement agencies and emergency response teams as well as other agencies such as human services, which are vital in responding to emergencies of all kinds. This allows them exert a coordinated effort so it can address all kinds of emergencies emanating from man made to natural disasters (AlertChicago, 2013). It is a fact that when emergency strikes, the act of responding to it requires a coordinated effort from different agencies. The website also provides information about the latest threats that the city face such as floods and thunderstorm and lighting (AlertChicago, 2013). This pertains to the timeliness of the information and how the agency is in tune with what is really happening in Chicago.

The information that was reviewed from the OEMC was quite comprehensive and yet still maintains its goal of providing simple and yet effective preparedness plans. If I were a resident of the Chicago and use the information provided I would be assured of the readiness of the city to prepare, respond, and recover from disaster. The use of a website for disseminating information is an indication of the level of commitment that that the city has in preparing for and responding to emergencies. It is also notable that the focus of the most of the preparedness plans was on natural disasters because they are what Chicago faces most of the time because of its location. 

 

References

AlertChicago (2013). At Home, At Work, On the Go – Are You Prepared? Alert

Chicago. Retrieved from http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/ChicagoAlertWeb/

City of Chicago (2013). Alert Chicago - Emergency Preparedness. City of

Chicago. Retrieved from http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/oem/provdrs/alertchicago.html

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Essay on Iraqi Educational System

INSTRUCTIONS:  I need an essay that is from a video on demand. Its website link is
uishelix2.uis.edu/vod/vod/2013/ECCELoopstra42513.html.

Please answer the following two questions:

1. The speaker gave an overview of the Iraqi higher education system
over the last 40 years. List and describe some of the milestones and
their effects.

2. The speaker mentioned some similarities and differences between
Iraqi and US university students today. Characterize these.

Iraqi Educational System

            Most of the modern universities in Iraq were founded during the second half of the last centuries. Some of the very first higher education institutions include the University of Technology, Al-Mustanasiya University, Sulaymaniah University, Basrah University, and the Mosul University which were all established during the 1960s. By 1970 until mid of 1980, the education sector experienced a surge of development in terms of literacy and enrolment rate. Dubbed as the “Golden Years”, Iraq’s gross enrolment rate increased to more than 100% while illiteracy rate plummeted to less than 10%. Apart from this, gender equality was advocated in schools and universities as more and more women enrolled for higher education (UNESCO, 2013, p.1).

By 1984 up until 1989 however, these universities along with a number of constituent colleges sustained significant damages in terms of quality and infrastructure because of the conflict with Iran. In addition to this, the economic sanctions led to the decline of resources used to fund public schools. Consequently, this resulted to a steep downfall of the educational budget and spending. As the government was more focused on military spending, all strategic planning to renew the country’s educational system were either cancelled or postponed.

By 1990 up until the early part of 2000, Iraq’s educational institutions continued to weaken due to the First Gulf War. One of the most obvious outcomes of the debilitated system was the dropout rate which reached to more than 20%. Additionally, almost an entire generation of teachers, scholars, and academes fled from the Hussein regime as well as from decreased salary rate. And while the government tried to rehabilitate the educational system, it continued to suffer because of insufficient and limited capacity to create and manage efficient higher education programs (UNESCO, 2013, p.1).

            After over two decades, the Iraqi government together with the international community is aiming at the revitalization of the educational system. More importantly, the education sector will play a vital role in eliminating the sectarian division; and at the same time foster long-term economic, political, and social stability within the country. In 2003, Iraq received a substantial assistance from the international community to reform the educational system. One of the immediate objectives was to abolish the Baathist ideology from the curriculum. Aside from this, a new Ministry of Education was appointed to revise the national curriculum.

            By February 2005, UNESCO participated in revitalizing and strengthening the higher education in Iraq. The international academic community as well as other international organizations provided help by developing and accrediting quality curricula which will be used in schools and universities. Similarly, teachers were trained while educational institutions were given new technologies. Infrastructure needs were also addressed through the help of international donors.

            Although Iraq’s current educational system is far from what it has experienced during its golden years, the reconstruction and rehabilitation in Iraqi universities dramatically elevated that opportunities of students to receive quality education. In fact, Iraqi and U.S. university students today share a number of similarities. This is evident in the quality training and education received by the students. Similarly, more and more opportunities of employment are opening up for both male and female Iraqi graduates.

References

“Iraq’s Higher Educational System” (2012). University of Illinois. Retrieved 27 June 2013, from

http://uishelix2.uis.edu/vod/vod/2013/ECCELoopstra42513.html

“Higher Education for Iraq”. (2013) UNESCO. Retrieved 27 June 2013, from

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/education/higher-education/

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